As part of our continuing series on the NIST Framework, we completed our review of the “Identify” category last month.  Now, let’s consider NIST’s advice for how best to “Protect” networks, starting with access control.

At the heart of this important topic is establishing everything that needs to be locked down, as to whom, and against what.  Everything that requires protection commonly includes data, computers and applications; from whom includes insiders and outsiders, and extends all the way from honest employees to malicious hackers; what is being controlled, despite the category’s name, extends well beyond access and equally includes restricting the ability to modify resources.

Let’s break this down a bit.  While data access restrictions are meant to lock down the ability to view sensitive information (such as trade secrets and customer data), controlling data modification assumes authorized access to the information, but limits or prohibits the ability to alter it (think of a website that anybody can view, or documents with “read only” permissions of “look, but don’t touch”).

Turning to the devices themselves, computer access restrictions include physical protections against human tampering (starting with your server room), as well as restricting which computers can talk to each other (air-gapped networks offer a great example).  Then there’s the separate ability to modify computer hardware, whether by unscrewing the back and swapping out parts or, more simply, by adding or disabling a peripheral device like a printer.

Finally, there are considerations relating to applications, which range from a company’s ability to track and abide by the number of software licenses it purchased, to a hacker’s ability to modify firmware and security settings.

To accomplish the essential goal of access control, NIST focuses on five objectives:

• Establishing verifiable identities, issuing trusted credentials, and de-provisioning access when required.
• Controlling physical access. For more on this topic, see the July 2015 Cyber Tactics column, “Securing the Physical Side of Cybersecurity.”
• Managing remote access, while taking into account teleworkers, mobile devices, Web platforms, as well as trusted vendors and business affiliates.
• Restricting permissions, by providing users only with those abilities they require (this is the concept of  least privilege) and dividing roles and responsibilities so more than one person is needed to perform certain critical functions (this is the concept of separation of duties, and it’s not limited to nuclear launch codes).
• Protecting network integrity which, for larger systems, likely will include some form of network segmentation (partitioning) and network segregation (restricting the devices that can communicate with one another) to prevent lateral movement should part of the network become compromised.

As you can gather, there is a lot underlying each of these points.  To gain a more in-depth understanding of access control, consider supplementing the Framework by reading NIST’s Security Controls and Assessment Procedures for Federal Information Systems and Organizations.  But please, if you access it online, don’t try to modify it.  Doing otherwise might lead to an understanding of how the FBI enforces access control!